Transport has positive effects on health, such as providing access (to education, employment, shops, recreation, social support networks, health services, countryside, ‘green’ and blue spaces, ‘blue’ spaces), and facilitating physical activity and recreation
It also have several negative effects (the 9 Cs)
- Cacophony (noise pollution)
- Carbon emissions
- Community severance (barrier effect)
- Concern (stress and anxiety)
- Congestion
- Contamination (air pollution, water run-off)
- ‘Couch potatoes’ (inactivity / sedentary behaviour)
- Crashes
- Casualties
